An almost incredible degree of accuracy

During a solar eclipse, it is possible to see the solar corona or aureole surrounding the darkened surface of the sun with the naked eye. Comprised almost entirely of ionised plasma, it extends into space to a distance of up to three solar radii. With a temperature of several million Kelvin, it is so hot that the 5778 Kelvin on the sun's surface almost seem cool in comparison. Up until now, the reason for this enormous difference could not be investigated in detail. On Earth, large parts of its radiation are swallowed up by the atmosphere, while in space, observation is subject to technological limitations: the surface of the sun must be covered so that it does not outshine the corona, however, with the equipment currently available, this means that the part of the solar corona that is close to the sun is also hidden.

A hair's breadth

For this reason, the ESA plans, as part of its StarTiger programme, to launch two satellites in 2017 that are set to travel in a unique formation. They will orbit the Earth at a distance of just 150 metres to each other – and at a speed of several kilometres per second, that is truly the proverbial hair's breadth. The shield of one of the satellites is set to cover the sun in such a way that the instruments on the other will be able to capture the radiation of the corona to a degree not previously possible.
To facilitate optimum alignment of both satellites as well as the instrumentation on board, the ESA technicians have simulated the conditions of space travel at the Laboratory of Astrophysics in Marseilles, France. A coronagraph, which is set to capture the radiation of the solar corona on the satellite that is in the shade, has been mounted on a BREVA hexapod (a "six-legged" robot) manufactured by SYMETRIE. In each leg, a brushless DC-Micromotor is installed with an integrated encoder. By extending and retracting the legs, the platform mounted on top can be adjusted freely in any direction. Thanks to the outstanding dynamics and power density of FAULHABER drives even in the smallest spaces, as well as the high encoder resolution, even large masses can be positioned quickly, reliably and precisely.

A mirror for the next Hubble

Thanks to this freedom of movement, the ESA technicians have been able to simulate a variety of positions for the "flying machines" in relation to one another. The hexapod is distinguished by a number of features that make it ideal for the task at hand, as SYMETRIE managing director Olivier Lapierre explains: "It performs - under the most limited tolerances - the minimum movements required with exact precision, yet is also extremely rigid and can thus accurately maintain the specified position." A further strength of the product is its sophisticated software that ensures smooth component interaction and allows, for example, any virtual centre of rotation to be specified for the platform, and particularly gentle sequences of movement to be achieved.
These features of the SYMETRIE precision hexapods are also in use in other space programmes such as the James Webb Space Telescope, which is set to replace the famous Hubble telescope in 2018, as well as in the GAIA project aimed at mapping the Milky Way. In each of these projects, hexapods are being used to mount optical units. Mr. Lapierre describes a typical task as follows: "The hexapod helps to adjust a mirror in the specified position with submicrometer precision." As is the case with StarTiger, an almost incredible degree of accuracy is required: the Webb telescope should theoretically be able to detect a single candle on one of the moons of Jupiter.

The most powerful X-ray beam

However, the BORA hexapod used for the GAIA project was not originally developed for astronomy, but for the observation of extremely small objects. It originated as part of a collaboration with the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, France. The synchrotron in the French Alps accelerates electrons almost up to the speed of light, causes them to collide, and generates the world’s most powerful X-ray beam. It is around ten thousand times more powerful than the output of a medical X-ray device, yet as fine as a human hair. This beam is used to analyse a whole range of samples and materials, from semi-conductor crystal structures through to molecular movements in living cells. "Our hexapods are used at the ESRF to move calibration mirrors and samples into specific positions and to accurately maintain those positions thanks to their excellent stability", explains Olivier Lapierre.
Regardless of whether we are looking into the infinity of space or at detailed structures at molecular level, the essential requirements that a positioning hexapod must meet remain the same: maximum manoeuvrability and precision together with absolute stability. Additional specifications may be added, depending on the application. Both for ESA and at the ESRF, a considerable amount of work is performed in a vacuum or cleanroom environment where the equipment must obviously also meet corresponding requirements. Space is also often at a premium, with the result that mini-hexapods are required.
The ideal solution for positioning in the smallest of spaces is the BREVA model's little brother, BORA. With a footprint diameter of 212 millimetres, it is also just 145 millimetres tall. Despite these almost minuscule dimensions, it can move a load of up to 10 kilogrammes at a resolution of 0.1 micrometres on its directional axes and of 2 microrads on the rotational axes. "The FAULHABER motors play an essential role in our hexapods", explains Olivier Lapierre. "They offer the best combination of compact sizing and product quality on the market."